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Carbon steel pipe is an extensively used industrial piping material. Its core components are iron (Fe) and carbon (C), with carbon content typically ranging between 0.05% and 2.0% – the critical factor determining its mechanical properties.

​While UPVC pipes form the backbone of modern plumbing networks, it's the UPVC accessories that give these systems their versatility and longevity. These meticulously engineered fittings—elbows, couplings, valves, and adapters—serve as the critical junctions where direction changes, flow control, and system integrations occur.

The classification of ductile iron pipes first depends on their joint connection types, which directly determine installation methods and engineering adaptability. The most common flexible push-on joints (such as Tyton joints) utilize compressed rubber gaskets to achieve self-sealing, allowing post-installation angular deflection (typically 3-5 degrees) to accommodate ground settlement or thermal movement. Another type, mechanical joints (like K-type or Fastite joints), employ bolted gland rings to compress wedge-shaped gaskets, providing higher sealing integrity suitable for pump station valve connections requiring frequent maintenance. Flanged joints feature steel flanges cast or welded to pipe ends, creating rigid connections via high-strength bolts, specifically designed to withstand high-pressure thrust or interface with industrial equipment.

Ductile Iron Pipe (DIP) is a pipe primarily composed of iron. It is manufactured by adding nodularizing agents (such as magnesium or cerium) to molten iron, transforming the graphite within the cast iron from flake-like to spherical (nodular) form. This process significantly enhances its strength, toughness, and ductility. This material innovation combines the corrosion resistance of cast iron with mechanical properties similar to steel, making it a vital piping material for conveying fluids such as water, sewage, and gas.

The flexible joint, through its elaborately designed multi-layer rubber composite structure (inner rubber layer, reinforcing layer, outer rubber layer, and end reinforcement) and specific geometric shape (sphere/wave), essentially achieves the function of providing controllable flexibility by utilizing the elasticity of rubber. Its core value is reflected in five key roles: compensating for displacement, reducing vibration and noise, lowering installation difficulty and stress, preventing leakage, and extending the system's lifespan. It is an indispensable "safety valve" and "shock absorber" in modern pipeline systems.

Valves play a very important role in urban water supply systems. Generally speaking, valves are used to control the direction, speed and pressure of water flow to ensure that water can flow smoothly to various areas and buildings in the city. Valves can also be used to close or open pipes, maintain and repair water pipes, adjust water pressure, and respond to emergencies (such as leaks or pipe ruptures).